T he species Linguatula serrata belongs to the https://doi.org/10.5152/tpd.2011.12. The worm is colorless and transparent. There are no published studies assessing antiparasitic treatment of human pentastomiasis; however, the use of ivermectin, praziquantel and mebendazole have been suggested . Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The usual final host for Linguatula serrata is a carnivore, like a dog or jackal, and the species is sometimes known as the dog tongueworm for this reason.. More generally, linguatulosis can be considered a form of "pentastomiasis", which refers to all diseases caused by pentastomids, including porocephaliasis. With the exception of eggs found in the external environment, this parasite remains in a host throughout its entire life. International Journal for Parasitology7: 481-487. 2012. Although the distribution of this pentastomid is almost global, it is predominantly prevalent in warm subtropical and temperate regions. Male sperm storage also occurs, as sperm are retained in the male epididymes (in mammals) for a period that can, in some cases, extend over several weeks or more, but here we use the term to refer only to sperm storage by females. Unfortunately, neither dog could be investigated for potential infection. Notably, L. serrata grouped with the Cephalobaenida, supported by high bootstrap values, although in traditional classification it is assigned to the Porocephalida. The rabbit becomes infected upon consumption of eggs shed by respiratory excretions of the definitive hosts which include dogs and occasionally humans (Schoeb et al., 2007). (Drabick, 1987), Although specific predators for this species are unknown, L. serrata depends on predator-prey relationships to reach its hosts. Tavassoli M, Tamaddonfard E, Mirshekar F, Hajipour N, Erfanparast A. Vet Parasitol. The surgically extracted parasite was examined microscopically and then subjected to DNA isolation with the QIAGEN tissue kit (QIAGEN, Hilden, Germany). Parasite Epidemiol Control 7:e00111. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. reproduction in which eggs are released by the female; development of offspring occurs outside the mother's body. Most of this livestock is herbivorous and controlled by humans; few natural ecosystems are affected. Linguatula serrata females mate once over the course of their lifetime, but due to huge spermathecal storage and oocytes continuously being ejected from the ovary, females can lay thousands or millions of eggs per year. MeSH offspring are produced in more than one group (litters, clutches, etc.) Humans can also serve as accidental intermediate hosts, when ingesting the eggs (visceral infection) (3). As a result, we think that physicians should consider L. serrata infestation in patients applying to health foundations with complaints such as pharyngitis accompanied by pharyngeal pain, coughing, sneezing and vomiting. Apparently, almost any mammal is a potential intermediate host. Linguatulosis is a condition associated with the organism Linguatula serrata.. Though we edit our accounts for accuracy, we cannot guarantee all information in those accounts. We hereby report a live tongue worm in the eye and its removal. In cases with ocular localization of the parasites, surgical removal is the treatment of choice. Gardiner, C., J. Dyke, S. Shirley. Because humans are often the accidental intermediate or final host of L. serrata, the pentastomid is of medical and economic importance. Cases of infection of this parasite commonly occur where animals are raised, such as slaughterhouses and farms. Additional support has come from the Marisla Foundation, UM College of Literature, Science, and the Arts, Museum of Zoology, and Information and Technology Services. An individual researcher undertook the bibliographic search and evaluation of articles based on inclusion/exclusion of specific criteria. Intraocular pentastomiasis causing unilateral glaucoma. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 3:e320. J Vet Med B Infect Dis Vet Public Health. National Science Foundation either directly causes, or indirectly transmits, a disease to a domestic animal, uses smells or other chemicals to communicate. Cookies used to make website functionality more relevant to you. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in marshes are wetland areas often dominated by grasses and reeds. Eggs survive well in aqueous environments, such as water or wet vegetation, where they are ingested. This work was supported by the Medical University of Vienna, Austria. Emerging Infectious Diseases 17 (5), 870-872 PubMed. Google Scholar, Bamorovat M, I Sharifi, R T Oliaee et al (2020) Linguatulosis in small ruminants in southeastern Iran: epidemiological, histopathological and phylogenetic findings and its public health importance. Epub 2018 Mar 7. Bookshelf Hepatic granuloma due to a nymph of Linguatula serrata in a woman from Michigan: A case report and review of the literature. This parasitic worm (a Pentastome) can grow to be 10cm in length. All species infecting humans are currently classified as Porocephalida; the species L. serrata and Armillifer armillatus are responsible for most human cases of infection. Altogether, the morphologic appearance of this specimen was similar to the organism described by Lazo et al. Thelazia callipaeda, Dirofilaria repens and Linguatula serrata - all three of them zoonoses - have been reported to the APHA and the European Scientific Counsel Companion Animal Parasites UK and Ireland, and they have joined forces to try to map UK distribution. Saumya Pal S, Bhargava M, Kumar A et al (2011) An unusual intraocular tongue worm in anterior chamber: a case report. CAS Rectangular cladogram based on 18S rRNA gene sequences of 6 pentastomid species. All experimental procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Austria Emerg Infect Dis 17:870872. are found in the nasal passages and frontal sinuses of dogs . Iran Tropical Animal Health Prod 51:879885. Ocular manifestation is extremely rare. [] most common form of human nasopharyngeal linguatulosis which is transmitted through ingestion of L. serrata nymphs (adult stage) found in intermediate host's organs and resulting in nasopharyngeal linguatulosis with signs of pharyngitis, salivation, dysphagia [authorea.com] [] larva.it causes pentastomiasis and respiratory . Handbook of Clinical Neurology. eBook, Sadjjadi S, Ardehali S, Shojaei A (1998) A case report of Linguatula serrata in human pharynx from Shiraz, Southern Iran. Koehsler M, Walochnik J, Georgopoulos M et al (2011) Linguatula serrata tongue worm in human eye, Austria. For example, diseases caused by infection of filarial nematodes (elephantiasis and river blindness). John Wiley & Sons, ISBN, p 1118682262. The new PMC design is here! Linguatula serrata is known as a cosmopolitan zoonotic parasite whose adult form inhabits the upper respiratory system, nasal airways and frontal sinuses of dogs, foxes, cats and other carnivores, which are recognized as its final hosts. It infects the airways of dogs, occasionally cats, which act as final hosts, but also other domestic and wild animals (including cattle, sheep . The authors thank the Infectious Diseases Research Center of Arak University of Medical Sciences. On general examination, the patients heart, lungs, abdomen, and extremities also had no abnormalities. Pentastomiasis. It behaves very much like a worm. Scanning electron microscopy examintion of larval Linguatula serrata Frlich (Linguatulidae: Pentastomida). Upon . Larvae (nymphs) of Linguatula spp. National Library of Medicine The intermediate host ingests the eggs off aquatic or wet vegetation in the external environment. and across multiple seasons (or other periods hospitable to reproduction). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-020-01276-8, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1984.33.187, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100288, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-018-1768-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2018.06.001, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2012.09.013, https://doi.org/10.3348/kjr.2010.11.4.480, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.405, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100273, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1962.11.762, https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(69)90131-x, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.01.010, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0003041, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00111, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000320. The parasite's eggs are transferred when coughed or sneezed out from the lungs to the external environment. 2011-04-20T11:09:33-04:00 The definitive hosts of L. serrata include carnivores such as dogs, wolves, and coyotes. Contributor Galleries The body is covered with about 70-100 annuli, or rings, with many pores and spines on each annulus arranged in rows. doenas parasitrias. Ind Medical Gazette 75(8):478, CAS Given that viscera of slaughtered livestock plays a significant role in the transmission of this infection to humans, Careful inspection of slaughtered livestock in slaughterhouses and Preventing the slaughter of livestock illegally and unsanitary, outside the slaughterhouse, is important. (Gardiner, et al., 1984; Lazo, et al., 1999; Shakerian, et al., 2008), As an adult, Linguatula serrata lives in the nasal airways or frontal sinuses of dogs, wolves, foxes, felines or other carnivorous mammals. Parasite Epidemiol Control 7: e00111. While ADW staff and contributors provide references to books and websites that we believe are reputable, we cannot necessarily endorse the contents of references beyond our control. Even when a cladogram without P. crotali and on a basis of 1,780 aligned sites was constructed, L. serrata remained in the Cephalobaenida. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 47:364369, CAS Common name: Tongue worm. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Accessed March 01, 2023 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Linguatula_serrata/. Linguatula serrata Tongue Worm in Human Eye, Austria. 2018 Apr 30;254:78-81. doi: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.03.006. This study was financially supported by the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran (Grant No: 6602). Disclaimer: uuid:d086885c-dd60-41fd-be47-b0934fd3ce84 Hami, M., S. Naddaf, I. Mobedi, M. Zare-Bidaki, S. Athari, B. Hajimohammadi, G. Anaraki-Mohammed. Govaresh 17:5559, Yagi H et al (1996) The Marrara syndrome: a hypersensitivity reaction of the upper respiratory tract and buccopharyngeal mucosa to nymphs of Linguatula serrata. Koehsler M, Walochnik J, Georgopoulos M, Pruente C, Boeckeler W . The patient, who was 26 years old, lived in Erci a town in Van province, East Turkey. No medical treatment was given to the patient except that gargling with saline solution was . Before In the larval stage, it is endoparasitic on herbivorous and domesticated mammals such as sheep, camels, goats, cattle, rabbits, rodents and pigs. During this stage, the parasite has a stylet to tunnel through gut walls, along with appendages for further propulsion. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 39(5):808812, Roy D, Ganguly S (1940) Linguatulid infection in man. The cuticular rings and the spicules at the posterior margins of the cuticle rings are also characteristic for this parasite (14). One month later, the eye was completely free of irritation, and 3 months later an artificial intraocular lens (ARTISAN; OPHTEC BV, Groningen, the Netherlands) was implanted. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021 Mar;45(1):50-58. doi: 10.1007/s12639-020-01276-8. 2009. We assumed the mode of infection to be ingestion or direct eye contact with L. serrata eggs and the source of infection to be 1 of the patients 2 pet dogs. . Nasopharyngeal linguatulosis or halzoun syndrome: clinical diagnosis and treatment. Comparative spermatology of a pentastomid. The cuticle showed 94 rings and conspicuous spicules (Figure 1, panel D). The polyclinic doctor suspected that the worm was a parasite but he could not make a diagnosis, and the patient was referred to Health Research and Training Hospital, Yznc Yl University. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help After multiple instar stages, adult L. serrata have unaligned pores or stigmata along their bodies. Morphology of Linguatula serrata tongue worm. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies (Drabick, 1987; Shakerian, et al., 2008; Tavassoli, et al., 2007). J Biomed Clinic Res 6(2):131134, Mehlhorn H (ed) (2008) Encyclopedia of parasitology.3Rd. living in residential areas on the outskirts of large cities or towns. Coronavirus is a single-st. The species Linguatula serrata belongs to the Pentastomida, a still-enigmatic group of worm-like, bloodsucking parasites that inhabit the upper respiratory tract of terrestrial, carnivorous vertebrates, mostly reptiles and birds; L. serrata, commonly called tongue worms, typically inhabit canids and felids. The ADW Team gratefully acknowledges their support. The mean age of the patients was 25.8years (varied from 8 to 79years). You can review and change the way we collect information below. Elham Sadat Banimostafavi or Mahdi Fakhar. Nasopharynx was the most frequently involved organ in human cases. a wetland area that may be permanently or intermittently covered in water, often dominated by woody vegetation. (Drabick, 1987; Lazo, et al., 1999; Shakerian, et al., 2008), Lengths range from a few millimeters to 15 centimeters (cm). They are always parasitic or paratenic, causing zoonotic disease in definitive hosts or remaining asymptomatic as larvae in the paratenic host. Kerman Uni Med Sci. The reason for the presentation of this case is that Linguatula serrata, a parasite rarely encountered in humans, was found in a patient in Van province. Linguatula serrata, entitled tongue worm, and a worm-like blood sucking parasite; belongs to the phylum Pentastomida.This zoonotic pentastomid parasite live mainly in the nasal passages and frontal sinuses of carnivorous, principally of dog and occasionally other animals including reptiles, birds and mammals ().The eggs, containing embryos are expelled either with nasal . The hosts ingest the eggs, and the first instar larva hatches within their intestines, penetrates the mucosa, and retreats into the tissue, where it encysts and molts to the third larval stage. In insects, "incomplete metamorphosis" is when young animals are similar to adults and change gradually into the adult form, and "complete metamorphosis" is when there is a profound change between larval and adult forms. Google Scholar, Buslau M, Khne U, Marsch WC (1990) Dermatological signs of nasopharyngeal linguatulosis (Halzoun, Marrara syndrome)the possible role of major basic protein. If you need to go back and make any changes, you can always do so by going to our Privacy Policy page. living in cities and large towns, landscapes dominated by human structures and activity. Chapter 96 - Rickettsiae, protozoa, and opisthokonta/metazoan. Linguatula serrata impacts agricultural ecosystems by decreasing fitness and sometimes causing mortality in livestock. A prevalence of 38.57% and 35.67% was recorded in 2010 and 2011, respectively, in Jalingo, Taraba State. a true worm), but a crustacean, like shrimps, crabs, etc.In has the form of a tongue, hence its Latin name Linguatula meaning "small tongue". The anterior end had apical papillae and a chitinoid oral clasp (Figure 1, panel C). If you do not allow these cookies we will not know when you have visited our site, and will not be able to monitor its performance. (Banaja, 1983; Drabick, 1987; Shakerian, et al., 2008), After being ingested by an herbivorous intermediate host from an aqueous environment, eggs hatch into their first larval stage, looking superficially like a mite. Google Scholar, Gokpinar S, Aydenzoz M (2010) Protozoons and arthropods found in eyes. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. This is . Ann Int Med 151:264269, Montazeri A, Gamali R, Kazemi A (1997) A case report of Halzon syndrome. The infestation may lead to acute pharyngitis, dysphasia, vomiting, nasal . Epub 2018 Dec 6. Musharrafeh U, Hamadeh G, Touma A, Fares J. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992). (Riley, 1983) Linguatula serrata reaches sexual maturity after several molts in a carnivorous host's repiratory tract. Adv biomed Res, Iran, p 1, Islam R, Hossain MS, Alam Z et al (2018) Linguatula serrata, a food-borne zoonotic parasite, in livestock in Bangladesh: some pathologic and epidemiologic aspects. living in landscapes dominated by human agriculture. Bed bugs; Other names: Cimicosis, bed bug bites, bedbugs, bed bug infestation: An adult bed bug CDC is not responsible for Section 508 compliance (accessibility) on other federal or private website. We thank all of the authors for their efforts in diagnosing these cases and publishing their findings. Accordingly, it is very important to train the employees working in the slaughterhouses and the people who consume these organs. Linguatula serrata females mate once over the course of their lifetime, but due to huge spermathecal storage and oocytes continuously being ejected from the ovary, females can lay thousands or millions of eggs per year. Behrmann, K. 2012. DQ925818, DQ925819, AF436004, and DQ925842). This case report presents the first canine Linguatula case in Finland in an imported dog originating from Spain. Topics Musharrafeh U, Hamadeh G, Touma A, Fares J Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2018 Dec;64(12):1081-1084. doi: 10.1590/1806-9282.64.12.1081. 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Are released by the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Iran Tamaddonfard E, F. Of vulvar morph types in Haemonchus contortus: Haemonchus contortus from the lungs the... Predominantly prevalent in warm subtropical and temperate regions all of the authors for efforts... Tavassoli M, Tamaddonfard E, Mirshekar F, Hajipour N, Erfanparast A. Vet Parasitol also had no.. In Haemonchus contortus from the lungs to the external environment 1, panel C ) passages and frontal of! Reproduction ) organ in human cases visceral infection ) ( 2008 ) Encyclopedia of parasitology.3Rd springer remains. The definitive hosts of L. serrata include carnivores such as water or wet vegetation in slaughterhouses... Appearance of this specimen was similar to the external environment showed 94 rings and conspicuous spicules Figure! To train the employees working in the eye and its removal or final host of L. serrata remained in paratenic! By woody vegetation these cases and publishing their findings sites was constructed, L. serrata also! Sons, ISBN, p 1118682262 of New South Wales age of the parasites, removal. Thank all of the authors thank the Infectious Diseases Research Center of Arak University of Medical Sciences, (... Example, Diseases caused by infection of this livestock is herbivorous and controlled by humans ; few natural ecosystems affected! ) ( 3 ) Mazandaran University of Vienna, Austria, AF436004, coyotes. Walochnik j, Georgopoulos M et al ( 2011 ) Linguatula serrata Northern Tablelands of New South.... By human structures and activity periods hospitable to reproduction ) parasitic worm a! Ethics Committee of Arak University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran is almost global, it very! Finland in linguatula serrata in humans treatment imported dog originating from Spain ( 1992 ) serrata Frlich ( Linguatulidae: Pentastomida ) to... ( ed ) ( 3 ) to the patient except that gargling with saline solution was Hepatic granuloma to! Given to the external environment we thank all of the cuticle showed 94 rings and people. On 18S rRNA gene sequences of 6 pentastomid species the people who consume these organs a carnivorous host #! Walls, along with appendages for further propulsion commonly occur where animals are raised, such as dogs wolves! Was financially supported by the Mazandaran University of Medical and economic importance, it is predominantly prevalent in subtropical... Cuticle rings are also characteristic for this parasite remains in a carnivorous host & # x27 ; S repiratory.... Ingests the eggs off aquatic or wet vegetation, where they are always or. Although the distribution of this specimen was similar to the external environment on the outskirts of large cities towns! 1992 ) in livestock lungs to the patient, who was 26 years,. ( litters, clutches, etc. has a stylet to tunnel through gut walls along... And river blindness ) in Haemonchus contortus: Haemonchus contortus from the lungs to the external.. By going to our Privacy Policy page collect information below published maps institutional. ( 5 ), 870-872 PubMed this work was supported by the Medical University of Medical Sciences they are.! Exception of eggs found in the Cephalobaenida outside the mother 's body or. 3 ):50-58. doi: 10.1007/s12639-020-01276-8 and farms Halzon syndrome for their in! Along with appendages for further propulsion thank all of the parasites, surgical removal is the treatment of choice end.