[445][446] Research cited by Ian Hancock suggests the pre-war Romani population of Europe may have been much higher, resulting in estimates of up to 1.5 million Roma deaths. [263], Italy introduced antisemitic measures, but there was less antisemitism there than in Germany, and Italian-occupied countries were generally safer for Jews than those occupied by Germany. [54] Central to Hitler's world view was the idea of expansion and Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for German Aryans, a policy of what Doris Bergen called "race and space". [194], The state broke away from Nazi antisemitic policy by promising honorary Aryan citizenship, and thus freedom from persecution, to Jews who were willing to contribute to the "Croat cause". I will in principle proceed only on the assumption that they will disappear. Winston Churchill received it, and Anthony Eden presented it to the British cabinet. [46][j], Throughout the Middle Ages in Europe, Jews were subjected to antisemitism based on Christian theology, which blamed them for killing Jesus. Between 200,000 and 500,000 Roma and Sinti (pejoratively called gypsies) were killed during the Holocaust, along with millions of Slavs in the Soviet Union and Poland, and up to 250,000 disabled people. [156] According to Hayes, this was "one of sixty-six nearly simultaneous such attacks in the province of Suwaki alone and some two hundred similar incidents in the Soviet-annexed eastern provinces". All 11,000 Jews from the annexed territories were sent to be murdered, and plans were made to deport 6,0008,000 Bulgarian Jews from Sofia to meet the quota. ISBN 978-0-30008-432-0. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKrivosheev2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGushee2012 (. Several resistance groups were formed, such as the Jewish Combat Organization (OB) and Jewish Military Union (ZW) in the Warsaw Ghetto and the United Partisan Organization in Vilna. Most were sent to Auschwitz; the first transport of 1,135 Jews left Holland for Auschwitz on 15 July 1942. From mid-1942, as part of Sonderaktion 1005, prisoners at Auschwitz, Chelmno, Beec, Sobibr, and Treblinka were forced to exhume and burn bodies that had been buried, in part to hide the evidence, and in part because of the terrible smell pervading the camps and a fear that the drinking water would become polluted. the evacuation of the Jews to the East, provided that the Fuehrer gives the appropriate approval in advance. [474], The government of Israel requested $1.5billion from the Federal Republic of Germany in March 1951 to finance the rehabilitation of 500,000 Jewish survivors, arguing that Germany had stolen $6billion from the European Jews. [355] Three SS officers were killed. Open about his hatred of Jews, he subscribed to common antisemitic stereotypes. [206], According to Wolfram Wette, the German army took part in these shootings as bystanders, photographers, and active shooters. On 910 November 1938, eight months after Germany annexed Austria, Jewish businesses and other buildings were ransacked or set on fire throughout Germany and Austria on what became known as Kristallnacht (the "Night of Broken Glass"). Of these deportees, approximately 1.1 million The fighting Jews have won for us what is most important: the truth about the weakness of the Germans. Estimates range from 1.5 to 3 million people having died at the hands of the Khmer Rouge, with the consensus being approximately 2 million. This report was sent to the Polish Embassy in Washington, D.C.[378] On 10 December 1942, the Polish Foreign Affairs Minister, Edward Raczyski, addressed the fledgling United Nations on the killings; the address was distributed with the title The Mass Extermination of Jews in German Occupied Poland. [208], Einsatzgruppe A arrived in the Baltic states (Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) with Army Group North; Einsatzgruppe B in Belarus with Army Group Center; Einsatzgruppe C in Ukraine with Army Group South; and Einsatzgruppe D went further south into Ukraine with the 11th Army. [456] Between 2,700 and 3,300 were sent to the camps, where 1,400 died. [147] Nearly 1,000 were executed for having done so,[141] and Yad Vashem has named over 7,000 Poles as Righteous Among the Nations. [86] The medical community regularly received bodies for research; for example, the University of Tbingen received 1,077 bodies from executions between 1933 and 1945. [51] The Nazi Party (the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei or National Socialist German Workers' Party) originated as an offshoot of the vlkisch movement, and it adopted that movement's antisemitism. [357] By the time the SS had regained control, 451 members of the Sonderkommando were dead; 212 survived. [432], From the start of the war against Poland, Germany intended to realize Adolf Hitler's plan, set out in his book Mein Kampf, to acquire "living space" (Lebensraum) in the east for massive settlement of German colonists. [69] In Silesia, in March 1933, a group of men entered the courthouse and beat up Jewish lawyers; Friedlnder writes that, in Dresden, Jewish lawyers and judges were dragged out of courtrooms during trials. Najprsnejie rasov zkony na idov s slovensk". [413], The Jews killed represented around one third of world Jewry[415] and about two-thirds of European Jewry, based on a pre-war figure of 9.7million Jews in Europe. [202] The point of the attacks was to destroy the local Communist Party leadership and therefore the state, including "Jews in the Party and State employment", and any "radical elements". [361] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 joined the Soviet partisan movement. Yad Vashem. Red signified a political prisoner, Jehovah's Witnesses had purple triangles, "asocials" and criminals wore black and green, and gay men wore pink. [142], At the end of 1941, the Germans began building extermination camps in Poland: Auschwitz II,[157] Beec,[158] Chemno,[159] Majdanek,[160] Sobibr,[161] and Treblinka. [463][464][465] In some concentration camps brothels were established to punish lesbian women by raping them. To prevent panic, they were told the gas chambers were showers or delousing chambers. [204], Typically, victims would undress and give up their valuables before lining up beside a ditch to be shot, or they would be forced to climb into the ditch, lie on a lower layer of corpses, and wait to be killed. [479][480], Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe in Berlin, 2016. [49] The second half of the 19th century saw the emergence, in the German empire and Austria-Hungary, of the vlkisch movement, developed by such thinkers as Houston Stewart Chamberlain and Paul de Lagarde. About 42,000 Jews in the General Government were shot during. During the Lviv pogroms in Lww, occupied eastern Poland (later Lviv, Ukraine)[n] in June and July 1941the population was 157,490 Polish; 99,595 Jewish; and 49,747 Ukrainian[149]some 6,000 Jews were murdered in the streets by the Ukrainian nationalists (specifically, the OUN)[150] and Ukrainian People's Militia, aided by local people. The British government's view was that the Hungarian people's antisemitism would make them distrust the Allies if Allied broadcasts focused on the Jews. Known as Kristallnacht ("Night of Broken Glass"), the pogrom on 910 November 1938 saw over 7,500 Jewish shops (out of 9,000) looted and attacked, and over 1,000 synagogues damaged or destroyed. The destruction of the Jews must be its necessary consequence. [36] According to Jozo Tomasevich, the Jewish community in Zagreb was the only one to survive out of 115 Jewish religious communities in Yugoslavia in 19391940. [42] The experiments, which took place at Auschwitz, Buchenwald, Dachau, Natzweiler-Struthof, Neuengamme, Ravensbrck, and Sachsenhausen, sought to uncover strategies to counteract chemical weapons, survive harsh environments, develop new vaccines and drugs and treat wounds. It deported 7,500 Jews in 1938 on its own initiative; introduced anti-Jewish measures in 1940; and by the autumn of 1942 had deported around 60,000 Jews to Poland. According to Timothy Snyder, "more Jews fought in the Warsaw Uprising of August 1944 than in the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of April 1943. [121][l] Palestine was the only location to which any German resettlement plan produced results, via the Haavara Agreement between the Zionist Federation of Germany and the German government. [153][154] During the Jedwabne pogrom, on 10 July 1941, a group of 40 Polish men, spurred on by German Gestapo agents who arrived in the town a day earlier,[155] killed several hundred Jews; around 300 were burned alive in a barn. [178] Tunisia had 85,000 Jews when the Germans and Italians arrived in November 1942; an estimated 5,000 Jews were subjected to forced labor. [218] Christopher Browning reports that on 1 August 1941, the SS Cavalry Brigade passed an order to its units: "Explicit order by RF-SS [Heinrich Himmler, Reichsfhrer-SS]. Nearly three years earlier, on 30 January 1939, Hitler had told the Reichstag: "if the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will be not the Bolshevising of the earth, and thus a victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! A decree on 12 November 1938 barred Jews from most remaining occupations. The Holocaust Encyclopedia. [129], The Germans stipulated that each ghetto be led by a Judenrat of 24 male Jews, who would be responsible for carrying out German orders. [67] On 7 April 1933, the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service was passed, which excluded Jews and other "non-Aryans" from the civil service. [50] These ideas became commonplace throughout Germany; the professional classes adopted an ideology that did not see humans as racial equals with equal hereditary value. [351] In the Biaystok Ghetto on 16 August, Jewish insurgents fought for five days when the Germans announced mass deportations. [459] Hundreds were castrated, sometimes "voluntarily" to avoid criminal sentences. Those who lagged behind or fell were shot. Between 2 March and 20 July 1943, 34,313 Jews were sent in 19 transports to the Sobibr extermination camp, where all but 18 are thought to have been gassed on arrival. [484] Yom HaShoah became Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day in 1951. "[458], Around 100,000 gay men were arrested in Germany and 50,000 jailed between 1933 and 1945; 5,00015,000 are thought to have been sent to concentration camps. [b] Between 1941 and 1945, Nazi Germany and its collaborators systematically murdered some six million Jews across German-occupied Europe;[c] around two-thirds of Europe's Jewish population. [380] Raczyski's address was covered by the New York Times and The Times of London. Smaller groups were also victims of deadly Nazi persecution, such as Jehovah's Witnesses, Black Germans, disabled people, communists, and homosexuals. "[363][ab], The Polish government-in-exile in London received information about the extermination camp at Auschwitz from the Polish leadership in Warsaw from 1940 onwards, and by August 1942 there was "a continual flow of information to and from Poland", according to Michael Fleming. Germany implemented the persecution in stages. [b] Donald Niewyk and Francis Nicosia, in The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust (2000), favor a definition that includes the Jews, Roma, and disabled people: "the systematic, state-sponsored murder of entire groups determined by heredity". At the end of the war, approximately 380,000 Polish Jews remained alive, the rest having been murdered, mostly in the ghettos and the six death camps: Chelmo, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Majdanek and Auschwitz-Birkenau. The Russian Academy of Science article by M. V. Filimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease. In both cases a relatively small portion out of a Jewish population of 37,000. [347] According to Gwardia Ludowa, a Polish resistance newspaper, in May 1943: From behind the screen of smoke and fire, in which the ranks of fighting Jewish partisans are dying, the legend of the exceptional fighting qualities of the Germans is being undermined. The extermination camps killed more than five million Jews, with the number rising after their liberation, as thousands of prisoners At the end of 1941 in occupied Poland, the Germans began building additional camps or expanding existing ones. We cannot use them in the Ostland or the Reichskommissariat either; liquidate them yourselves!" WebThe United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3 million of 5.7 million Soviet POWs died in German custody. Sex with Jewish women was forbidden on grounds of racial disgrace by the Nazis, but rape was not considered a racial disgrace in concentration camps. [455] Because they refused to pledge allegiance to the Nazi party or serve in the military, Jehovah's Witnesses were sent to concentration camps, where they were given the option of renouncing their faith and submitting to the state's authority. "[260], Although Hungary expelled Jews who were not citizens from its newly annexed lands in 1941, it did not deport most of its Jews[261] until the German invasion of Hungary in March 1944. [9] Peter Hayes writes that the persecution of these groups was less uniform than that of the Jews. [447] Unlike Jews, who were predominantly transported to and murdered in mass extermination camps, Romanies outside the Reich were mostly massacred in smaller groups of several hundred or less, in many different places; together with the exclusion of Romanies from most contemporary European censuses, this makes it impossible for historians to determine the precise number of Romani victims in Poland, Yugoslavia, White Ruthenia and Ukraine, the regions in which most are thought to have been killed. [184], Yugoslavia and Greece were invaded in April 1941 and surrendered before the end of the month. [268] Around 8,500 Jews were deported in all. [63] Other early prisons were consolidated by mid-1934 into purpose-built camps outside the cities, run exclusively by the SS. [422], The survival of Jews in countries where states were not destroyed demonstrates the "crucial" influence of non-Germans (governments and others), according to Christian Gerlach. [229] Vernichtung durch Arbeit ("extermination through labor") was a policy; camp inmates would literally be worked to death, or to physical exhaustion, at which point they would be gassed or shot. [100] Jews were forced to perform humiliating acts such as scrubbing the streets or cleaning toilets while wearing tefillin. [205] The latter was known as Sardinenpackung ("packing sardines"), a method reportedly started by SS officer Friedrich Jeckeln. [130][m] From 1 December, Jews were required to wear Star of David armbands. ", "Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War", "Hitler's War; Hitler's Plans for Eastern Europe", "The trial of German major war criminals: proceedings of the International Military Tribunal sitting at Nuremberg Germany", "What was the Warsaw Uprising? 2007, page 23, sfn error: no target: CITEREFPiotrowski2007 (, "They conducted deliberate and systematic genocide, viz., the extermination of racial and national groups, against the civilian populations of certain occupied territories in order to destroy particular races and classes of people and national, racial, or religious groups, particularly Jews, Poles, and Gypsies and others. [269], In Finland, the government was pressured in 1942 to hand over its 150200 non-Finnish Jews to Germany. Davar and later Haaretz both used the term in September 1939. He viewed Marxism as a Jewish doctrine, said he was fighting against "Jewish Marxism", and believed that Jews had created communism as part of a conspiracy to destroy Germany. Knowlton, James and Cates, Truett (translators, 1993). [397] From January to April 1945, the SS sent inmates westward on death marches to camps in Germany and Austria. The evacuated Jews will first be sent, group by group, to so-called transit ghettos, from which they will be transported to the East. [257] When this became public, the Orthodox Church and many Bulgarians protested, and King Boris III canceled the plans. Some went by truck or wagons; others were marched the entire distance. The German neuroscientist Julius Hallervorden received 697 brains from one hospital between 1940 and 1944: "I accepted these brains of course. [292][x] The final solution would encompass the 11million Jews living in territories controlled by Germany and elsewhere in Europe, including Britain, Ireland, Switzerland, Turkey, Sweden, Portugal, Spain, and Hungary, "dependent on military developments". [86], Although not ordered to take part, psychiatrists and many psychiatric institutions were involved in the planning and carrying out of Aktion T4. Jews in Shanghai were confined, but despite German pressure they were not killed. the Ustashe of Croatia), or forced others into participation. [38] Bureaucrats identified who was a Jew, confiscated property, and scheduled trains to deport them. [256] It annexed Thrace and Macedonia, and in February 1943 agreed to a demand from Germany that it deport 20,000 Jews to the Treblinka extermination camp. By the end of April 1941 the Ustae required all Jews to wear insignia, typically a yellow Star of David[191] and started confiscating Jewish property in October 1941. [105], On 7 November 1938, Herschel Grynszpan, a Polish Jew, shot the German diplomat Ernst vom Rath in the German Embassy in Paris, in retaliation for the expulsion of his parents and siblings from Germany. [10] The term comes from the Greek: , romanized:holkaustos; hlos, "whole" + kausts, "burnt offering". The rest of Poland was occupied by the Soviet Union, which invaded Poland from the east on 17 September 1939. [427] The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 3.3million of 5.7million Soviet POWs died in German custody. [405] Buchenwald was liberated by the Americans on 11 April;[406] Bergen-Belsen by the British on 15 April;[407] Dachau by the Americans on 29 April;[408] Ravensbrck by the Soviets on 30 April;[409] and Mauthausen by the Americans on 5 May. The Deutsches rzteblatt (a medical journal) reported on 6 April 1933: "Germans are to be treated by Germans only. The death rates decreased when the POWs were The third method, the gas chamber, is employed for those who are ill or incapable of work and those who have been brought in transports especially for the purpose /Soviet prisoners of war, and, recently Jews/. [242][243] Romania was the only country other than Germany itself that "implemented all the steps of the destruction process, from definitions to killings. January 24, 2022 Top Image: Museum display with bullets and human ashes from Bikernieki Forest Holocaust site and barbed wire from Salaspils Concentration Camp. [77][78] The New York Times reported on 21 December that year: "400,000 Germans to be sterilized". [52], After World War I (19141918), many Germans did not accept that their country had been defeated. [83] T4 was mainly directed at adults, but the euthanasia of children was also carried out. WebHistorians estimate that around 1,1 million people perished in Auschwitz during the less than 5 years of its existence. The occupied regions were under the control of a military governor, and there, anti-Jewish measures were not enacted as quickly as they were in the Vichy-controlled areas. A range of methods were used, with [197], Germany invaded the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941, a day Timothy Snyder called "one of the most significant days in the history of Europe the beginning of a calamity that defies description". [117] Kristallnacht marked the end of any sort of public Jewish activity and culture, and Jews stepped up their efforts to leave the country. Forced labor of camp prisoners became commonplace. The mass murder reached a "frenetic" pace in 1944[391] when Auschwitz gassed nearly 500,000 people. Now the world war has come. [192] During the same time as their persecution of Serbs and Roma, the Ustae took part in the Holocaust, and killed the majority of the country's Jews;[193] the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum estimates that 30,148 Jews were murdered. Israelis were divided about the idea of taking money from Germany. He was convicted in December 1961 and executed in June 1962. By the end of the war, some 10,000 remained, representing the lowest survival rate in the Balkans and among the lowest in Europe. [403] On 17 January 1945, 58,000 Auschwitz inmates were sent on a death march westwards;[404] when the camp was liberated by the Soviets on 27 January, they found just 7,000 inmates in the three main camps and 500 in subcamps. [421] Of Poland's 3.3million Jews, about 90 percent were murdered. [116] German Jewry was held collectively responsible for restitution of the damage; they also had to pay an "atonement tax" of over a billion Reichsmark. [v] According to Browning, eight of the 15 had doctorates: "Thus it was not a dimwitted crowd unable to grasp what was going to be said to them. Works by Jewish composers,[71] authors, and artists were excluded from publications, performances, and exhibitions. WebThe figure includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals, 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany as forced labour, and 4.1 million famine and disease [472] West Germany initially tried few ex-Nazis, but after the 1958 Ulm Einsatzkommando trial, the government set up a dedicated agency. Knowlton, James and Cates, Truett ( translators, 1993 ) to punish lesbian women by raping them Memorial... Trains to deport them in June 1962 some concentration camps brothels were established punish... Iii canceled the plans about 90 percent were Murdered 1933: `` I accepted these brains of course (. [ 361 ] An estimated 20,000 to 30,000 joined the Soviet partisan movement the time the SS inmates... The camps, where 1,400 died convicted in December 1961 and executed in 1962! December that year: `` Germans are to be sterilized '' Raczyski 's address was covered by New. And executed in June 1962 of course its existence invaded Poland from the,... 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