Holland, J. As wars end, young veterans return to scant jobs. This latter fact needs some explanation. The primary mode of research involved survey questionnaires given anonymously to samples, many of them random, of military members. Around the globe, US military bases generate resentment, not security. She also refused to display the American flag, saying, When I looked at the American flag, I used to see red, white, and blue. It identifies important work by historians that calls into question the assumption that all social science during the Cold War amounts to "Cold War social science." These historians attribute significant agency to social scientists, showing how . New York, NY: Penguin. (2011). Most Americans continued to live their normal lives, whereas most Iraqis had to struggle to survive the many ravages of war. Retrieved http://www.cnn.com/. The social sciences are concerned with the study of human society and with the relationship of individuals in, and to, society. Why. Planes sprayed and bombed these chemicals. This episode of Social Science of War examines a range of issues related to Army talent managementfrom the ways in which service in the. Virtual reality He applauds the Korean and Vietnam memorials in Washington, but he laments that neither mentions the people of those countries who perished in the conflicts (Tirman, 2012, p. B01). When these costs are taken into account, the total 2011 military budget ranged between an estimated $1.2 trillion and $1.4 trillion (Friends Committee on National Legislation, 2012; War Resisters League, 2012). April missed the man she used to know: The biggest loss is the loss of the man I married. Americans are hurt, he warned, when the defense budget squanders money that could be used to repair schools or to guarantee universal health care (Arias, 1999, p. A19). Even if they are less frequent and less deadly than in the past, that is of little comfort to the tens of millions of people around the world during the past century who died or otherwise suffered in war and other armed conflict and who live in fear today of becoming a victim of armed conflict. As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. The U.S. military does not need or want all officers to become social scientist researchers, but applied social science can nevertheless help develop strategic thinking because it: (1) focuses on human behavior and influence; (2) develops comfort with competing theories; (3) requires creativity; and (4) uses evidence and iteration to better . Those two weapons were tiny in both number and size compared to nuclear weapons today. They are also more likely to engage in drug use and binge drinking. However, other scientists dispute the evolutionary explanation for several reasons (Begley, 2009). 29/12/2020 Client: saad24vbs Deadline: 24 Hours. That is the good news and the cause for hope. Prompt: During the first week of the course, you will respond to several questions in the webtext as you complete each . Defense outlays rose by 85 percent beyond inflation between 2000 and 2011. These effects are similar to those for civilians, and include anxiety, depression, PTSD, poorer physical health, and poorer job performance (in this case, their military duties). Military spending: A poor job creator. Why nations go to war: A sociology of military conflict. In support of this evolutionary argument, some scientists note that chimpanzees and other primates also engage in group aggression against others of their species (Wrangham, 2004). NIJ's portfolio of social science research on forensic science was built in three "waves." Fisman, R., & Miguel, E. (2010). According to a recent estimate, $1 billion spent by the Pentagon creates 11,200 jobs, but the same $1 billion spent in other sectors would create 16,800 clean energy jobs, 17,200 health-care jobs, and 26,700 education jobs (Pollin & Garrett-Peltier, 2011). What happened to a leaner, meaner military. Although the causes of World War II are complex, Hitlers effort to conquer much of Europe stemmed at least partly from his belief that Aryans (Germans and other Europeans with blond hair and blue eyes) were a superior species and non-Aryans were an inferior species (Bess, 2008). One major problem in this research literature is that different studies use different definitions and measures of sexual assault. Use the reading about social institutions in India to identify two social science issues that could be researched Answer (1 of 10): Brief answer: The principles of social science have to be the same as natural science --- natural laws. Choose one of the five social institutions. In 2010, the US official military budget (defense outlays only) was $698 billion. But veterans are casualties in other ways, as the news story that began this chapter made clear. A popular explanation for war derives from evolutionary biology. Economic gangsters: Corruption, violence, and the poverty of nations. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and Budgetary Assessments. When a napalm bomb explodes, it ignites an enormous fireball that burns everything in its path. These weapons were never found, and critics charged that the White House had fabricated and exaggerated evidence of the weapons in order to win public and congressional support for the war (Danner, 2006). Retrieved from https://www.warresisters.org/sites/default/files/FY2012piechart-color.pdf. Future research will no doubt build on existing studies to further illuminate this significant problem. Indeed, the Marcums situation is far from rare among the families of the 2 million veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan wars. The aim is to build a community of authors and readers to discuss the latest research and develop new ideas and research directions. Answer preview to identify two social science issues related to war. (2011). This episode of the Social Science of War podcast examines the challenges posed by cyber . One social science issue related to war is the effects of war on the mental health of the service members . Supporters of this role say the military has both protected and advanced the political and economic interests of the United States, while critics, as we have seen, charge that the military has been an instrument of imperialism. Halperin, S. (2004). Herdy, A., & Moffeit, M. (2004). Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall by the wayside. Audit of Pentagon spending finds $70 billion in waste. Of these reported cases, only one-fifth went to trial, and only half of these defendants were convicted. Many antiwar protests in the United States focused on the civilian suffering from napalm. Identify two social science issues related to education. An ongoing Gallup poll asks Americans to rate the most important problems and social issues facing the country. McGovern, G. (2011). Actually, we have not had a war between major powers since 1945. In these surveys, between 10 percent and 33 percent of women report being raped (including attempts) while they were serving in the military. His wife April had to quit her teaching job to take care of him, and their life savings slowly dwindled. However, later investigation revealed that the attack never occurred and that the White House lied to Congress and the American people (Wells, 1994). Since 1993, US armed forces have waged war in Iraq and in Afghanistan and also joined international military operations in such countries as Bosnia, Herzegovina, and Libya. Conventional arms transfers to developing nations, 20032010. Obamas damaging blow to our military. In fact, rape and sexual assault are the leading cause of PTSD among women veterans, while combat trauma is the leading cause of PTSD among male veterans. Deaths in wars and conflicts in the 20th century. By far, the most significant issue was poor leadership; 28% of . While the US blows money on the military, Europe spends dough on social programs. Bess, M. (2008). Resources, the environment, and conflict. As large as it is, the $768 billion just cited as the official figure for the US military budget is misleading in at least two ways. Episode 1, Season 1 of Social Science of War examines the implications for land warfare from the Russian invasion of Ukrainethe biggest land war in Europe since World War II. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. Determining the Prevalence of Rape and Sexual Assault in the Military. (2012). The findings suggest that social integration may help war-affected youth achieve better life outcomes after traumatic events. As just one example of such waste, a 2011 federal audit found that cost overruns over the prior two years had added at least $70 billion to projected costs of various weapons systems (Drew, 2011). appeared first on Yourhomeworksolutions. Social research can help solve them. Newsweek, 5262. Federation of American Scientists. (2011). War and sacrifice in the post-9/11 era. But he also notes that the Korean and Vietnam wars included many atrocities committed by American troops against civilians. One of these civilians was a 9-year-old girl named Phan Thi Kim Phuc. The attention just given to civilians should in no way obscure or minimize the fact that veterans are also casualties of war. (2012, January 2). This report concluded that the more money we spend on unneeded weapons programs, the more layoffs there will be of police officers, firefighters, teachers, and other workers whose jobs are funded directly or indirectly by federal spending.. A central part of US military strategy in Vietnam involved destroying rice fields and the rest of the countryside to make it difficult for the Vietcong forces to engage in guerrilla warfare. To get a more accurate estimate of how many such crimes occur, sound social research is necessary. (2012). As Chapter 15 Population and the Environment discussed, population growth may lead to armed conflict of various types, including war, because growing populations need more food, water, and other resources. Some people think of war as a negative thing, and some people . Critics of the military budget argue that it is more accurate to cite its share of discretionary spending rather than its share of all federal spending (i.e., mandatory plus discretionary). Depression, anxiety, and psychosomatic problems such as insomnia are the most common effects. problems, problems not so apparent in the analo-gous sciences, problems arising from the fact that . Identify two social science issues related to education. US military spending amounts to more than $1 trillion annually. This individualistic focus risks neglecting the core issue: the role of a social world, invariably targeted in war and yet still embodying the capacity of survivor populations to manage their suffering, adapt and recover on a collective basis. Generally accepted as falling under the heading social science are sociology, anthropology, political science, psychology, and economics, although debates still rage within these disciplines as to the degree to which each is a humanity versus a science. Betrayal in the Ranks. This same yearly amount could have paid for one years worth (California cost figures) of all of the following (National Priorities Project, 2012): All these figures demonstrate that war and preparation for war indeed have a heavy human cost, not only in the numbers of dead and wounded, but also in the diversion of funds from important social functions and needs. These deaths stemmed from bombs and other weapons that went astray, from orders by military and political leaders to drop millions upon millions of bombs on civilian areas, and sometimes from atrocities committed by US personnel. Friends Committee on National Legislation. Retrieved from http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/war_stories/2012/02/_2013_pentagon_budget_why_so_much_spending_on_big_war_weapons_.html. Special Issues are led by Guest Editors who are experts in the subject and oversee the editorial process for papers. When we think of the impact of war, the consequences for civilians and veterans as just discussed come most readily to mind. Castelli, C. J. We call them social issues when they start negatively impacting a specific group of people. Advocates for veterans with severe physical or cognitive problems also urge the government to greatly expand its very small program of monthly cash payments to these veterans families to help replace their lost incomes (Einhorn, 2011). DOD: New nuclear subs will cost $347 billion to acquire, operate. Retrieved from http://www.thenation.com/blog/161378/around-globe-us-military-bases-generate-resentment-not-security. Read summaries of the latest scientific research pertaining to a range of social issues. The Nation. Critics also argue that military spending actually produces fewer jobs than spending in other sectors (Ledbetter, 2011). That problem is rape, as at least one-fifth and perhaps as many as 84 percent of all military service are raped or sexually assaulted (including sexual harassment) by other military personnel (Turchik & Wilson, 2010). Wells, T. (1994). Turchik, J. The social sciences are primarily academic enterprises, more so than either the biological or physical sciences, and the academic portion of the discipline is not only overwhelmingly larger than other sectors but also overpoweringly more prestigious. Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), Operation New Dawn (OND), and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) U.S. Casualty Status. Veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan War have a higher suicide rate than that of the general public. Before the war, violent labor strikes were common in Britain and other European nations. The United States, of course, began with the colonial war against England. . (2011, June 17). New York Times, p. A1. Historically and also today, nations in the Middle East and elsewhere have gone to war or are otherwise in conflict because of religious differences. As a result, observes one economics writer, most Europeans have universal health care, deeply subsidized education (including free university tuition in many countries), modern infrastructure, good mass transit, and far less poverty than the United States has. Although this is almost an unimaginable number, there is cause for some hope, even as there is also cause for despair. Some verses follow. Regarding this fear, former US senator and presidential candidate George McGovern (2011, p. 47), a decorated World War II hero, writes, We need to end the false choice between a bloated budget and a weak spine.. Where do our income tax dollars go. Key features include: Identify two social science issues related to education. Leitenberg, M. (2006). This type of research accelerated, however, after several scandals involving sexual assault and harassment occurred during the 1990s on military bases and at military academies. APA 950 words Get instant access to the full solution from yourhomeworksolutions by clicking the purchase button below The post Identify two social science issues related to war. vanden Heuvel, K. (2011, June 13). The Nation. The deaths of others: The fate of civilians in Americas wars. Critics of the military budget say that the billions of dollars spent on weapons and other military needs would be better spent on domestic needs such as schools and day care. Military spending is good for workers, they add, because it creates jobs, and it also contributes to technological development (Boot, 2012; England, 2012; McKeon, 2012). What it means to be a democrat. The two atomic bombs dropped by the United States over Japan during World War II killed tens of thousands of civilians. The more they spend on their military (guns), the less they can spend on food for their poor and other domestic needs (butter). . As a news report summarized these families experience, Ms. Critics say these exports help fuel the worldwide arms race and international discord. Each submarine is projected to cost more than $8 billion to build and another $21 billion in constant dollars in operation and maintenance costs over its lifetime (Castelli, 2012). Second, many societies studied by anthropologists have been very peaceful, suggesting that a tendency to warfare is more cultural than biological. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. A., & Wilson, S. M. (2010). The study involved child soldiers who participated in Sierra . Women veterans say that when they do report rape and sexual assault, military officials typically either blame them for what happened, ignore the crime altogether, or give the offender a very mild punishment such as not being allowed to leave a military base for a short period. Job numbers are up, but veterans are left behind. One of the most obvious problems is war, which, I would argue, has become obsolete. The minimum estimate almost matches the number of American deaths in all the other wars the United States has fought, and the maximum estimate greatly exceeds this number (see Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars). The geopolitical nuclear landscape . When sexual assaults and sexual harassment are added to the crimes mentioned to respondents, between 22 percent and 84 percent of women report being raped, sexually assaulted, and/or sexually harassed while serving. A related problem is suicide. Chapter 1 / Exercise 3 Social Science of War Theory and Practice of Proxy Warfare in Strategic Competition Kyle Atwell | 02.20.23 Episode 6, Season 1 of the Social Science of War podcast examines the role of proxy warfare in. Fourth, military waste in the form of cost overruns from poor accounting and other management failures is rampant. Instances of use of United States forces abroad, 17981993. A key focus of their concern was the use of napalm. For every 100,000 Iraq and Afghanistan veterans who receive health care from the Veterans Administration, 38 have killed themselves. The European nations decisions to limit their military spending allows more spending for social needs. Second, the world today is a much more dangerous place than in the past because of the existence of nuclear weapons. Looking further back in world history, the death rate in prehistoric times from tribal warfare was extremely high. Our specialists will write a custom essay on any topic for $13.00 $10.40/page. New York, NY: New York Review of Books. The wealthy European countries that compose the bulk of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), an international consortium, spend 2.5 percent of their total economy (gross domestic product, or GDP) on their militaries. After they did so, US ground troops shot them and left a pile of dead bodies that included twenty-one children. A kid walked up to me and said, Your dads a baby killer. I didnt handle that well. Shah, A. Sexual assault in the US military: A review of the literature and recommendations for the future. They suffer terrible physical and mental wounds that can maim them for life (Dao, 2012). A quick calculation shows that about 11 percent of the worlds population died from the Mongolian wars, while 2 percent died from World War II. Issues include but are not limited to poverty, achievement motivation, dropouts, homelessness . Washington, DC: Center for International Policy. 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