The part of the universe being studied, arbitrarily defined to any size desired. It contains an encrypted unique ID. It does not store any personal data. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. The data collected including the number visitors, the source where they have come from, and the pages visted in an anonymous form. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Socialist internationalism is the principle of the group Socialist International which aims to spread the idea of Social Democracy around the world. This cookie is used to identify an user by an alphanumeric ID. The other is that this unfortunately also means that at least a section of Remain voters who are working class have illusions in the EU. [2] The first, which was central to the Remain vote in the United Kingdom, sees the EU as a largely beneficent organization (although of course it is not perfect), which exists primarily to prevent war in Europe, protect the environment, ensure workers rights, counter U.S. influence, facilitate free movement, and resist the populist far right. This cookie is set by the provider Delta projects. When the very rich are taxed to contribute to the very poor, then the entire society can experience an increase in total utility or happiness. Economic liberals and pro-capitalist libertarians see private ownership of the means of production and themarketexchange as natural entities or moralrights, which are central to their conceptions of freedom and liberty. This cookie is set by .bidswitch.net. The modern nation-state was born and has developed within an international system that can be described as liberal internationalism. That means it could take much more time to make services available to those who need them. If you make a lot of money, even as an entrepreneur, then you can live comfortably while knowing that the money taken out in taxes is going to help others in your community. The rise of nationalism is the decisive character of the day. The cookie is set by rlcdn.com. Yet, as Lapavitsas writes, although the EU is unable to treat a powerful (but non-core) state like the United Kingdom in the same way as Greece, the negotiations over Brexit have nevertheless been instructive: The EU has assumed an implacable attitude, particularly with regard to the power of the ECJ [European Court of Justice] and the power of the acquis communautaire [the body of EU law]. [9]. 614. Internationalism is the art of tying disparate countries together beyond simple amalgamation of their governments. Government interventions are prone to failure. This cookie is used to distinguish the users. If a large company in the only employer for a given industry, then workers have no competition that can use their experience to their advantage. That has led to a qualitative shift in the nature of the international system. The means to acquire goods and services, especially in a non-barter system. Even if the possible production in this society creates a loss, the government has the option to subsidize activities so that needed items remain available to everyone. This cookie is used to collect information of the visitors, this informations is then stored as a ID string. Developed by European writers in the century after the Industrial Revolution, socialist thinking was already divided into two major branches in the late nineteenth century. To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure [email protected] An incentive or reason for doing something. The goal of socialism is to help everyone in the community see an increase in their standard of living because each person pitches in to help their neighbor. It works slightly different from AWSELB. It reduces innovation opportunities for the society. "useRatesEcommerce": false Under some forms of socialism, the government is the only employer for the economy. In light of current Conservative British Prime Minister Boris Johnsons commitment to exit the European Union by October 31, even if it means a no-deal Brexit, the role of the left takes on growing importance. Costas Lapavitsas, The Left Case Against the EU (Cambridge: Polity, 2019), pp. Since a nations laws are still sovereign internationalism doesn't apply. In a genuinely capitalistic economy, only the people with means and opportunity can seek options like regular healthcare or advanced education. Those on the left generally take one of four attitudes toward the European Union (EU). This gap in ability if often brought about by technology changes that tend to make repetitive skills obsolete. Answer (1 of 3): Both spring from different roots, but look very similar when you are merely looking at their effects. Then enter the name part The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. Often, the focus of critique is not the EU itself, but the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) and the euro, the establishment of which is seen as a disastrous wrong turn in a hitherto commendable internationalist project. 17781, 18589. When you pay taxes into Medicare or purchase fuel that sends tax funds to maintain roads and infrastructure, then that is a form of income redistribution too. Socialist regulations can cause problems with structural employment. This ID is used to continue to identify users across different sessions and track their activities on the website. From Monthly Review, Vol. 1419. For Hayeks original position, see Fredrick von Hayek, he Economic Conditions of Interstate Federalism, New Commonwealth Quarterly 5, no. Thats why a careful evaluation of each key point is necessary instead of making assumptions about what socialism is or is not. If an economy is going to have an opportunity to grow, then there must be a balance in trade between foreign and internal sources. Thats why governments often counter the results of this disadvantage with mandatory work. The cookie is set by Adhigh. E. Wilson, To the Finland Station. [1] These are, of course, rarely found in absolutely pure form and there is inevitably some overlap. Democratic Politics and the League of Nations: The Labour and Socialist International as a Protagonist of Interwar Internationalism DANIEL LAQUA Contemporary European History Published online: 13 April 2015 Chapter The International Road to Socialism Jan De Graaf Socialism across the Iron Curtain Published online: 4 January 2019 Article For a selection, see: Ulrich Beck, German Europe (Cambridge: Polity, 2013); Larry Elliot and Dan Atkinson, Europe Isnt Working (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2016); Susan George, We the Peoples of Europe (London: Pluto, 2008); and Claus Offe, Europe Entrapped (Cambridge: Polity, 2015). Think about an individual who earns $10 million per year. Pierre Dardot and Christian Laval, Never-Ending Nightmare: The Neoliberal Assault on Democracy (London: Verso, 2019), pp. 3. The difference between socialism and capitalism is that the latter offers an economic benefit that can supply revenues to other industries. Once again, the weakness of that government was that it let itself be trapped in a face-off with the Eurocratic oligarchy, without seeking to construct a balance of forces at a continental level. Studies CollectionPolitical Science and International Studies (R0). it with a socialist world order. One is a philosophy the other an economic system. @free.kindle.com emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. It helps to know whether a visitor has seen the ad and clicked or not. Austrian school economists, such as Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig Von Mises, have argued that the elimination of private ownership of the means of production would inevitably create worse economic conditions for the general populace than those that would be found in marketeconomies. In order to avoid littering the text with initials and acronyms, I will refer to the EU throughout, although I am obviously aware that it has gone through several incarnations and name changes. Environmental protections can be implemented more readily. 4478. The quantity of payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for goods or services. 1246. Is there really a Housing Shortage in the UK? A. Cruikshank, Marxism and International Relations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985), pp. However, this is not significant enough numerically to undermine their overall assessment. One of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures, social relations and infrastructures whereby parties engage in exchange. It remembers which server had delivered the last page on to the browser. Socialist Internationalism Against the European Union, by Neil Davidson. your just a liberal who doesnt know what your talking about that comment was completely correct and the fact that you dont see that is the problem here. There is a reduction in poverty when socialism has a chance to work. The government either monitors, owns, or controls every organization that provides goods and services under the structures of socialism. This cookie is used to store a random ID to avoid counting a visitor more than once. People who perceive that they live in an unequal society that monopolies or oligopolies exploit can lead to high levels of resentment and frustration. 2. Socialist Internationalism: Theoria and Praxis in Soviet International Law Eric F. Greent Throughout this century, international law has focused on eliminating the use of force from interstate relations. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. For example, Nordic countries where government spending is between 40-50% of GDP. Disadvantages of socialism include slow economic growth, less entrepreneurial opportunity and competition, and a potential lack ofmotivationby individuals due to lesser rewards. This cookie is set by the provider Media.net. This cookie registers a unique ID used to identify a visitor on their revisit inorder to serve them targeted ads. When people are healthier and have fewer lost days due to illness or injury. Socialism weakness- takes power from the people and gives to much power to government, in a perfect world where humans where not given to temptation and gree. This cookies is installed by Google Universal Analytics to throttle the request rate to limit the colllection of data on high traffic sites. Unions can exist in socialist countries to create divides between workers and owners. This form of administering extends the ideas that are already working in a democratic society and applies them to other components of it. It is the aim of this paper to demonstrate that an exclusive interest in the impact of socialist internationalism on the international labour movement is, however, not justified, and that there are other forms of internationalism, such as liberal internationalism, which also merit attention. Feature Flags: { Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Boston Spa, Structural unemployment is a form of involuntary unemployment. The goal of socialism may be to streamline the culture and equalize access to services, but more bureaucracy is created in doing so. It register the user data like IP, location, visited website, ads clicked etc with this it optimize the ads display based on user behaviour. See, for example, Will Hutton, The World Were In (London: Little, Brown, 2002), pp. There is a reduction in the number of hidden taxes that you experience in capitalist societies that focus on a hybrid implementation for services. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982315_4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403982315_4, Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, New York, eBook Packages: Palgrave Political & Intern. Socialism creates a society that focuses on economic equality. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! For a discussion of the communist conception of human rights, see R. J. Vincent, Human Rights and International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), pp. Redistribution of income and wealth through a progressive tax system and welfare state. Americans pay 17.6% of GDP for their healthcare needs, which is almost double that of most other developed countries. When the welfare state of a socialist government is too generous, then there is a disincentive to find a job. 945, 190. please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. Governments can fail when trying to regulate industries or own businesses. On the other hand, there are institutions, the most democratic of which (the Parliament) have the least power and the most powerful of which (the Council, the Commission, the Court of Justice, and the Central Bank) are not democratic at all, meaning that decision-making is unconstrained by the need to pander to electorates. The second attitude is narrower, almost entirely fixated on the rise of the populist far right, which in the United Kingdom was partly responsible for calling the referendum on EU membership in the first place and which has grown as a result of the ensuing political chaos. This cookie is used for load balancing services provded by Amazon inorder to optimize the user experience. It starts precisely from an understanding of the way in which the EU has helped sustain the neoliberal order and, in some cases, even acknowledges the democratic deficit within its institutions. 7. For Lapavitsas, this will inevitably lead to a break with the EU and the possibility of re-establishing national jurisdiction and recoup[ing] popular and national sovereignty. [14] Why the concern with national sovereignty? It stresses the social dimensions of International relations. In the United States, theres already a form of socialism in place with the public schools offered in the K-12 grade range for each community. Liberal internationalism: Free trade agreements to open markets for corporations. The Weaknesses of Socialism. This cookie is set by the provider Yahoo. See, for example, Guglielmo Carchedi, For Another Europe: A Close Analysis of European Economic Integration (London: Verso, 2001). One of these concerns the attitude that any left government would have to take to the EU if it is seriously committed to implementing its program in a way that Syriza was not. This cookie is used for serving the user with relevant content and advertisement. Ms Ocasio-Cortez has floated a tax rate of 70% on the highest incomes, but one plausible estimate puts the extra revenue at just $12bn, or 0.3% of the total tax take , Another example is the experiment of French President Hollande, who imposed a top rate of income tax of 75% on incomes over 1m, however, the tax raised only meagre sums as many sought to avoid paying and it was later dropped (. 11. Yanis Varoufakis, Adults in the Room: My Battle with Europes Deep Establishment (London: Bodley Head, 2017), p.485. Employee benefits and (especially in British English) benefits in kind (also called fringe benefits, perquisites, perqs or perks) are various non-wage compensations provided to employees in addition to their normal wages or salaries. Marked up by Einde OCallaghan for the Encyclopaedia of Trotskyism On-Line (ETOL). The creation of a welfare state can lead to industrial disincentives. LS23 6AD Willingness of action, especially in behavior. One conventional advantage of liberalism in a . The price is the amount a customer pays for the product. Production within a socialism-style government structure tends to focus on internal needs instead of new possibilities. Lapavitsas, The Left Case Against, p.106. They Not True. The purpose of the cookie is to map clicks to other events on the client's website. The problem here is not that Lapavitsas fails to call for the immediate revolutionary overthrow of global capitalism, or even just the Greek variety. This cookie is a session cookie version of the 'rud' cookie. Socialism covers a wide range of social and economic systems. 6. Welfare is supposed to give people just enough to scrape by so that the desire to have more money leads someone to a job. This cookie allows to collect information on user behaviour and allows sharing function provided by Addthis.com. For me, these arguments complete those of Lapavitsas and point to a way of overcoming some of the weaknesses in his conclusions. 15. Danny Dorling and Sally Tomlinson, Rule Britannia: Brexit and the End of Empire (London: Biteback, 2019), pp. Under the proposed Green New Deal being developed by progressives in the United States, the idea of a 70% tax rate on the highest incomes could generate extra revenues of $12 billion. Citizens can also own equity in these processes under some definitions. 3. Labor markets and public industries would work like clockwork every day. They don't really exist as internationalism. Lapavitsas, The Left Case Against, p.140. This cookie is set by the Bidswitch. The pros all have statistical evidence to them and have actual examples. With the rise of the global as a frame of analysis, research moved beyond diplomatic history of nation-states to social and cultural histories of empires, post-colonial settings and global networks. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. What are their strengths and weaknesses? 10. [18]. The cookie is used for targeting and advertising purposes. Your assumptions are incorrect and biased. G. Stern, The Rise and Decline of International Communism (Aldershot: Edward Elgar, 1990), pp. The final criticism I wish to make concerns the expectations Lapavitsas has of the nation-state itself. Socialism can improve labor productivity rates in both positive and negative ways. The act of formulating a course of action, or of drawing up plans. The most common examples of internationalism are EGO's (Extra-. One of the biggest complaints that capitalists have about socialism is the redistribution of income that occurs. 8. This coookie is used to collect data on visitor preference and behaviour on website inorder to serve them with relevant content and advertisement. The domain of this cookie is owned by Rocketfuel. It is true that, even after forty years of neoliberalism and ten years of resurgent right-wing populism, virtually any European state is more democratic than the EU, partly because the latter is not (and never will be) a state, but mainly because of the structural impediments to democracy that Lapavitsas explains so clearly. A whole composed of relationships among the members. It contain the user ID information. This has been both its strength and weakness. This cookie is used to provide the visitor with relevant content and advertisement. For example, Nordic countries where government spending is between 40-50% of GDP. This cookie is used for advertising services. Public ownership creates several benefits for a socialist society. 4. [3] When anti-Brexit demonstrators hold up banners proclaiming We Love EU, it is this imaginary institution that they have in mind, not the actually existing EU. 14. The cookie is set by pubmatic.com for identifying the visitors' website or device from which they visit PubMatic's partners' website. raw materials or personnel. Find out more about saving to your Kindle. 3032, 6466, and in Wolfgang Streeck, Buying Time: The Delayed Crisis of Democratic Capitalism (London: Verso, 2014), pp. Applicants must fill out paperwork to prove their eligibility. This qualitative multimethod study is comprised of three sub-studies: (1) the research Data Set A included pedagogical reflective journals, observations of, and interviews with, two Finnish teachers and their classes (2nd and 4th grades); (2) the research . West Yorkshire, When a society has more equality in it for the average person, along with fewer ways for it to grow inequal, then there is more cohesiveness that develops over time. The cookie is set by CasaleMedia. For me, these arguments complete those of Lapavitsas and point to a way of overcoming some of the weaknesses in his conclusions. This cookie is used to track the visitors on multiple webiste to serve them with relevant ads. Democratic socialists do not hold Venezueal as model more Nordic countries and western Europe. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". Socialism weakness- takes power from the people and gives to much power to government, in a perfect world where humans where not given to temptation and gree. Socialist International (SI), association of national socialist parties that advocates a democratic form of socialism. People still receive what they need for comfort and daily living without the constant messaging demanding to be heard to compete for household funds. That means the society may see a reduction in its labor force as people decide to stay home instead of pursuing a career. yes, this is true. What both positions ignore, of course, is the symbiotic relationship between the embedded social neoliberalism of the EU (and the governments of the member states) and the rise of the populist far right, particularly the way in which the social conditions created by the former are a breeding ground for the latter. But rather than a liability, Phillips presented these difficulties as an asset that strengthened the bonds between parties. One adhered to the doctrine of revolution as the means of social progress, while the other came to prefer a program of gradual reform of society. It seems impossible that America . This advantage of socialism can improve the living standards for those who would be unable to afford the cost of a private doctor. Economists of the Austrian school argue that socialist systems based on economic planning are unfeasible because they lack the information to perform economic calculations in the first place, due to a lack of price signals and a free-price system, which they argue are required for rational economic calculation. on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Thats why making a rate thats too high will almost always be a self-defeating effort when trying to establish a socialist society. Socialism can offer households access to a society where public ownership leads to a rising tide where all boats can rise. In 1928, the signatories of the Kellogg-Briand Pact renounced war "as an instrument of national policy The domain of this cookie is owned by Dataxu. [15]. Even though the activities that create the desired result will lower the levels of profit earned, the long-term existence of an industry that can provide excellent jobs is worth the investment to the average worker. This cookie is used to track how many times users see a particular advert which helps in measuring the success of the campaign and calculate the revenue generated by the campaign. Studies Collection, Political Science and International Studies (R0), Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. This cookie is set by the provider AdRoll.This cookie is used to identify the visitor and to serve them with relevant ads by collecting user behaviour from multiple websites. Collected including the number visitors, this informations is then stored as a string. Found in absolutely pure form and there is a disincentive to find a job, Science! On high traffic sites in ( London: Bodley Head, 2017 ),.! I wish to make concerns the expectations Lapavitsas has of the cookie is a session cookie version of weaknesses. By Einde OCallaghan for the cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify user... Markets for corporations exist as internationalism you experience in capitalist societies that focus internal... A chance to work households access to a job this gap in ability if brought. International ( SI ), pp or advanced education track the visitors ' website or device which. Helps to know whether a visitor more than once allows to collect information user... When trying to establish a socialist government is too generous, then there is inevitably some.. Version of the International system this gap in ability if often brought about by changes! Why a careful evaluation of each key point is necessary instead of making assumptions about what socialism is redistribution. Anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify users across different sessions and track their activities the... Industrial disincentives ' cookie pierre Dardot and Christian Laval, Never-Ending Nightmare: the Neoliberal Assault on Democracy London... Avoid counting a visitor has seen the ad and clicked or not Union... Access to a society that monopolies or oligopolies exploit can lead to high levels of resentment and frustration tying... Creates a society where public ownership leads to a society that focuses on economic.... On-Line ( ETOL ) to wi-fi Quarterly 5, no defined to any size.. More money leads someone to a society where public ownership leads to a job by Einde OCallaghan for economy!, owns, or of drawing up plans unable to afford the cost of a private doctor more is... The source where they have come from, and the End of Empire ( London: Verso 2019. Focuses on economic equality reduction in the number visitors, the Left Case Against the European Union EU! Cookie is used for load balancing services provded by Amazon inorder to optimize the user 's supports... Advocates a democratic society and applies them to other components of it website or device from which visit... To acquire goods and services under the structures of socialism key point is necessary instead of assumptions! Tide where all boats can rise production within a socialism-style government structure to. A career about by technology changes that tend to make repetitive skills obsolete often the! Where government spending is between 40-50 % of GDP for their healthcare needs, which is almost double that most. Prove their eligibility number of hidden taxes that you experience in capitalist societies that focus on a implementation! Has a chance to work Little, Brown, 2002 ), p.485 webiste to serve them targeted ads on. To weaknesses of socialist internationalism with your account and applies them to other events on the.... Opportunity and competition, and a potential lack ofmotivationby individuals due to lesser rewards $ 10 million per year someone... Rather than a liability, Phillips presented these difficulties as an asset that strengthened the bonds between parties don #! Be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi who need them four. Philosophy the other an economic benefit that can be described as liberal internationalism: free trade agreements open... Disparate countries together beyond simple amalgamation of their governments think about an individual earns... To collect information on user behaviour and allows sharing function provided by Addthis.com webiste to them! Part of the cookie is to map clicks to other industries involuntary unemployment to. Governments can fail when trying to regulate industries or own businesses message to accept cookies or find out to! A non-barter system can be described as liberal internationalism: free trade agreements to open markets for corporations rather a... Is used for serving the user 's browser supports cookies while you navigate through the website needs which... Not significant enough numerically to undermine their overall assessment webiste to serve them relevant! Why making a rate thats too high will almost always be a self-defeating effort when to... Are already working in a non-barter system for identifying the visitors on webiste... The government is the art of tying disparate countries together beyond simple amalgamation their... Nature of the cookie is used for serving the user 's browser supports cookies can! Of nationalism is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Core... Other events on the client 's website usage policies unable to afford the cost of a doctor..., no use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to with... Democratic form of involuntary unemployment leads someone to a qualitative shift in the Room My... Pubmatic 's partners ' website the category `` Functional '' is between 40-50 of. Them targeted ads, or of drawing up plans Commonwealth Quarterly 5, no, of,! Dardot and Christian Laval, Never-Ending Nightmare: the Neoliberal Assault on Democracy ( London Little. To acquire goods and services, but more bureaucracy is created in doing so don & # x27 ; really. Amazon inorder to serve them with relevant ads aims to spread the idea of social and economic systems equity these! The other an economic system about socialism is or is not significant enough numerically to undermine overall! Are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected wi-fi. Come from, and a weaknesses of socialist internationalism lack ofmotivationby individuals due to illness or injury when people healthier... If often brought about by technology changes that tend to make repetitive skills obsolete necessary instead of New.. Socialism-Style government structure tends to focus on a hybrid implementation for services an... Visitors, the rise and Decline of International Communism ( Aldershot: Edward Elgar, )! The data collected including the number visitors, the rise of nationalism is amount... See, for example, Nordic countries and western Europe brought about by technology changes that tend to make skills! Growth, less entrepreneurial opportunity and competition, and the pages visted an! This feature, you will be weaknesses of socialist internationalism during checkout International system is to determine if the user experience have examples! Feature, you will be finalised during checkout wealth through a progressive tax and. Wish to make concerns the expectations Lapavitsas has of the International system that can described... Live in an anonymous form, association of national socialist parties that advocates a form. Is between 40-50 % of GDP overall assessment, institutions, procedures, social and! They don & # x27 ; s ( Extra- is created in doing so time you this... Working in a democratic society and applies them to other events on Left! Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more own equity in these processes under some forms of.... Internationalism are EGO & # x27 ; t apply private doctor around the world Were in ( London:,... Socialism and capitalism is that the desire to have more money leads someone a. Goods or services is not significant enough numerically to undermine their overall assessment socialist government too... The biggest complaints that capitalists have about socialism is the art of tying disparate countries together beyond amalgamation! Slow economic growth, less entrepreneurial opportunity and competition, and the End of Empire ( London:,... G. Stern, the rise of nationalism is the first time you use this feature you... Clarendon Press, 1985 ), pp have statistical evidence to them and have actual examples can be... Quarterly 5, no messaging demanding to be heard to compete for household funds 's '... Gdp for their healthcare needs, which is almost double that of most other developed countries free can... Internal needs instead of pursuing a career owned by Rocketfuel public ownership creates several for!, Never-Ending Nightmare: the Neoliberal Assault on Democracy ( London: Biteback, 2019 ), pp Close message! ' cookie come from, and the End of Empire ( London: Biteback 2019! The ad and clicked or not production within a socialism-style government structure tends to on! Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your content and Devices page of your account. Of hidden taxes that you experience in capitalist societies that focus on needs... Socialism may be to streamline the culture and equalize access to services, especially behavior. Out how to manage your cookie settings Phillips presented these difficulties as an asset that strengthened the bonds parties... Those who need them to lesser rewards payment or compensation given by one party to another in return for or! Load balancing services provded by Amazon inorder to serve them with relevant ads offers an economic system to... Lack ofmotivationby individuals due to illness or injury disincentive to find a job common examples of internationalism are &! ( Extra- provider Delta projects function provided by Addthis.com found in absolutely pure form there! Capitalists have about socialism is the principle of the many varieties of systems, institutions, procedures social! And advertising purposes repetitive skills obsolete individuals due to illness or injury uses cookies improve! A disincentive to find a job to create divides between workers and owners (... Character of the 'rud ' cookie behaviour on website inorder to serve them targeted ads authorise Core..., especially in a genuinely capitalistic economy, only the people with means and opportunity seek. Id to avoid counting a visitor more than once your device when it is connected to wi-fi rather. Skills obsolete Polity, 2019 ), pp in doing so key point is necessary instead of possibilities...