16. He will examine the value of a commodity, which appears in monetary form, and uncover the social relations that constitute it. Feuerbach resolves the essence of religion into the essence of man [menschliche Wesen = human nature']. In reality, it is the ensemble of the social relations. Written: by Marx in the Spring of 1845, but slightly edited by Engels; Marx Theses On Feuerbach Explained - Can I pay after you write my essay for me? But Marx explained a specific approach to it. It is true that men are the outcome of their circumstance and upbringing. Feuerbach, who does not enter upon a criticism of this real essence, is consequently compelled: Feuerbach, consequently, does not see that the "religious sentiment" is itself a social product, and that the abstract individual whom he analyses belongs to a particular form of society. In The Essence of Christianity [Das Wesen des Christenthums], he therefore regards the theoretical attitude as the only genuinely human attitude, while practice is conceived and defined only in its dirty-Jewish form of appearance [Erscheinungsform]. To abstract from the historical process and to define the religious sentiment regarded by itself, and to presuppose an abstract isolated - human individual. The coincidence of the changing of circumstances and of human activity can be conceived and rationally understood only as revolutionary practice. that the secular basis detaches itself from itself and fixes itself as an independent kingdom in the clouds, can only be explained by the inner strife and self-contradiction of this secular basis. This doctrine must, therefore, divide society into two parts, one of which is superior to society. Critical Thinking Essay on Nursing. Feuerbach consequently does not see that the religious sentiment' is itself a social product, and that the abstract individual that he analyses belongs in reality to a particular social form. Philosophy Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for those interested in the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. Stop worrying. If the question whether objective truth can be attributed to human thinking is not a question of theory but is a practical question, what. Feuerbach wants sensuous objects [Objekte], differentiated from thought-objects, but he does not conceive human activity itself as objective [gegenstndliche] activity. Philosophers should change the world, not merely seek to interpret it: The philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point, however, is to change it. ID 9011. The old materialism Marx refers to here is still the political economists and liberal philosophers. Civil society is the standpoint of the old materialism, human society (i.e., socialized humanity) is the standpoint of the new materialism. The highest point reached by contemplative [anschauende] materialism, that is, materialism which does not comprehend sensuousness as practical activity, is the contemplation of single individuals and of civil society [brgerlichen Gesellschaft]. Feuerbach, not satisfied with abstract thinking, wants contemplation; but he does not conceive sensuousness as practical, human-sensuous activity. First Published: As an Appendix to Engels' Ludwig Feuerbach and the End of Classical German Philosophy, 1886; Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Permission is granted to copy and/or distribute this document under the terms of the Creative Commons ShareAlike License; In Marxs view, this is an extremely limited and naive understanding. Feuerbach, who does not enter upon a criticism of this real essence is hence obliged: 1. He argued there was a universal model for what humans were, an essence that has always existed at the core of humanity. Man must prove the truth, i.e., the reality and power, the this-sidedness [Diesseitigkeit] of his thinking, in practice. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Nursing Business and Economics Management Aviation +109. To abstract from the historical process and to define the religious sentiment regarded by itself, and to presuppose an abstract isolated - human individual. Karl Marxs Eleven Theses on Feuerbach is a short, iterative list concerning the work of Lugwig Feuerbach. the last analysis on the class dynamics generated in the material process What are some tools or methods I can purchase to trace a water leak? Understanding reality is not something one does separate from reality, but as part of it, and therefore is part of the constant change within reality. Required fields are marked *, You may use these HTML tags and attributes:
, Posted December 16, 2014 by kt2g in category. The Socialist Unity Party of Germany ordered this in 1953 as part of reconstruction following World War II.[11]. For the fact that the secular basis lifts off from itself and establishes itself in the clouds as an independent realm can only be explained by the inner strife and intrinsic contradictoriness of this secular basis. Feuerbach consequently does not see that the religious sentiment is itself a social product, and that the abstract individual that he analyses belongs in reality to a particular social form. There is virtually nothing in his writings to suggest that he held this view, and a great deal to suggest that he did not. Free shipping for many products! Feuerbach starts out from the fact of religious self-alienation, of the duplication of the world into a religious world and a secular one. 4. the reality and power of his terrestrial thinking. Finished Papers. The standpoint of the old materialism is civil society; the standpoint of the new is human society, or social humanity. Vjh? Contra Feuerbach, human essence is the ensemble of the social relations. The most widely known version of the "Theses" is that based on Engels' edited version, published as an appendix to his Ludwig Feuerbach in 1888, where he gave it the title Theses on Feuerbach; Thus, for instance, once the earthly family is discovered to be the secret of the holy family, the former must then itself be destroyed in theory and transformed in practice. . Hence he does not grasp the significance of "revolutionary", of "practical-critical", activity. The question whether objective truth can be attributed to human thinking is not a question of theory but is a practical question. Proofread: by Andy Blunden February 2005. www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/index.htm, www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1845/theses/theses.htm. Themes. What is meant by the human essence is the ensemble of the social relations? E-Book Collections Title Lists and MARC Records, Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports. the reality and power, the this-sidedness of his thinking in practice. Written: by Marx in Brussels in the spring of 1845, under the title "1) ad Feuerbach"; Hannah T. Interested writers will start bidding on your order. Feuerbach, not satisfied with abstract thinking, wants sensuous contemplation [Anschauung]; but he does not conceive sensuousness as practical, human-sensuous activity. 10 The Philosophy of Praxis: Two Versions. Questions for discussion: Can you give examples from present-day politics of this kind of thinking and how it must divide society into two parts? Are Proposals For A World Republic Defensible? Publisher: Progress Publishers, Moscow, USSR, 1969 ; The latter must, therefore, in itself be both understood in its contradiction and revolutionized in practice. Introduction. The English translation was first published in the Lawrence and Wishart edition of The German Ideology in 1938. Philosophers have so far only interpreted the world, the point is to change it. Marxism and Philosophy, Karl Korsch, 1923 fundamental structures of society?" Questions for discussion: Feuerbach wants sensuous objects that are really different from thought-objects, but he does not conceive human activity itself as objective activity. His work consists in resolving the religious world into its secular basis. Reality and sensuousness is "human sensuous activity, practice". ID 7766556. It's cast against an idealism that thinks the world is simply ideas, shaped by thought- but isn't that idealism absurd? 626. Theme "Anarcho Notepad" designed and engineered by Arthur (Berserkr) Gareginyan. 16. So, eg., once the earthly family is discovered to be the secret of the holy family, the former must itself be destroyed in theory and in practice. One must study ideologies socially and historically. What exactly does Marx means, then, by revolutionary practice? 13 Modernity and Capitalism. We can say, for example, that he was not the kind of materialist who holds that mental activities can be reduced to bodily movements and to motions in the brain, or can be treated as mere effects of them. The question whether objective truth can be attributed to human thinking is not a question of theory but is a practical question. He overlooks the fact that after completing this work, the chief thing still remains to be done. The standpoint of the old materialism is civil society; the standpoint of the new is human society, or associated humanity. On the one hand, we have to resume the discussion of the theses advanced by Marx in The German in such a way as to clarify the link established between a conception of history based on The German in such a way as to clarify the link established between a But additional work is needed: Sensuousness, contra Feuerbach, is practical, human-sensuous activity. 1938 translation of Marxs original | [4] 14. It involves active engagement among themselves and with their environment. To abstract from the historical process and to fix the religious sentiment as something by itself and to presuppose an abstract isolated human individual. What's the difference between a power rail and a signal line? Feuerbach wants sensuous objects, really distinct from the conceptual objects, but he does not conceive human activity itself as objective Once again, Feurbach is vilified for being guilty of conceiving human sensation of reality as a passive act. The number of distinct words in a sentence. Left to myself I should say that when Marx stresses the 'material' element in human history it is a new materialism that is involved, and none of the ontological materialisms (with associated epistemologies) that Plamenatz (rightly in my view) denies that he held. Materialism and materialist are slippery terms as also are idealism and idealist. And it must be transcended by a new way of studying society. Marxs sociological project is itself committed to communist revolution. Feuerbach, not satisfied with abstract thinking, wants contemplation; but he does not conceive sensuousness as practical, human-sensuous activity. 2. But that the secular basis detaches itself from itself and establishes itself as an independent realm in the clouds can only be explained by the cleavages and self-contradictions within this secular basis. Young Marx was heavily influenced by this abstract humanism, along with the other Young Hegelians. All mysteries which lead theory to mysticism find their rational solution in human practice and in the comprehension of this practice. Feuerbach has an abstract, overly generalized conception of what religion is. What can be meant by the standpoint of social humanity? Contemporary views on Hegels project often instate this new materialism in a manner that would be unfamiliar to readers of Marxs era, but appears harmonious. Religion is a projection from the world by humans, alienating in that it is a self-imposed restriction on human activity. Hence this doctrine is bound to divide society into two parts, one of which is superior to society. This itself must first be understood in its contradiction and then revolutionized in practice by eliminating the contradiction. One can never be truly neutral. Summary. 8 Critique of Some Marxist Conceptions of Knowledge. But that the secular basis detaches itself from itself and establishes itself as an independent realm in the clouds can only be explained by the cleavages and self-contradictions within this secular basis. Feuerbach, who does not enter upon a criticism of this real essence is hence obliged: 1. To abstract from the historical process and to define the religious sentiment regarded by itself, and to presuppose an abstract isolated - human individual. In the United States, it is usually called the private sphere, contrasting it to the government as the public sphere.. In reality, it is the ensemble of the social relations. The "Theses" identify political action as the only truth of philosophy, famously concluding: "Philosophers have hitherto only interpreted the world in various ways; the point is to change it. Feuerbach views religion as a general theory of the world; having left behind Judiasm, it's current stop is Chrisitianity, and it aims at discovery of essential truth. But the essence of man is no abstraction inherent in each single individual. Feuerbach believes in a trans-historic, even ahistorical, human species-essence. In other words, he believes humans have an inherent nature within them. x\r7}WaL:Y_b;q(UJ@KXehk?dilp4rhY 98z}~='N>z=gn8mz)f>`fN.lqmLysrfdhY5X 6A^jYaRtBo|GK:%-?Gzp Oq'mi$i].Vh] 3U8/k,lKpT Cx.VJ(z"F kh BK@"w2kg^* Materialism, in the common parlance, is about our material circumstances and our material interests. Their main point is to argue that Marx was not in any significant sense an ontological materialist: The word materialist has been used in several different senses, and it is not always clear in what sense writers about Marx use it when they apply it to him, or in what sense Marx himself uses it. Feuerbach starts off from the fact of religious self-estrangement [Selbstentfremdung], of the duplication of the world into a religious, imaginary world, and a secular [weltliche] one. All mysteries which lead theory to mysticism find their rational solution in human practice and in the comprehension of this practice. Thesis On Feuerbach Summary. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. This doctrine must, therefore, divide society into two parts, one of which is superior to society. history and social structures on the basis of such class-relations in such a Can you justify the assertion that Sensuousness is practical, human-sensuous activity? Hence he does not grasp the significance of "revolutionary", of "practical-critical", activity. Hence, in The Essence of Christianity, he regards the theoretical attitude as the only genuinely human attitude, while practice is conceived and fixed only in its dirty-judaical manifestation. basis of human existence (history) is that certain 'material' human needs Request Writer. Like the book for which they were written, the theses were never published in Marx's lifetime, seeing print for the first time in 1888 as an appendix to a pamphlet by his co-thinker Friedrich Engels. For the fact that the secular basis lifts off from itself and establishes itself in the clouds as an independent realm can only be explained by the inner strife and intrinsic contradictoriness of this secular basis. In his view, organized, impersonal religion alienated humans from their true humanity, or what he referred to as their species-essence. Feuerbach sought to promote a personal spiritualism, where God is replaced with the authentic human essence in the worship of humanity as the origin of its morality and ethics. Finished Papers. Feuerbach, who was both an influence and contemporary to Marx, was famous for his attacks on religion. Is German idealism ontological, epistemic, or something more abstract? Isnt it the materialists that are trying to change the world rather than relying on ideas? "[6] While the text wishes to retain the critical stance of German critical idealism, it transposes that criticism into practical, material, political terms. Marx Theses On Feuerbach Explained - User ID: 104293. Marx is the first to explain human practice in this way, identifying class conflict as a driving force that shapes society. Marx, Theses on Feuerbach (1845), p.2 of 3 2 II . The materialist doctrine concerning the changing of circumstances and upbringing forgets that circumstances are changed by men and that it is essential to educate the educator himself. [3], Marx sharply criticized the contemplative materialism of the Young Hegelians, viewing "the essence of man" in isolation and abstraction, instead arguing that the nature of man could only be understood in the context of his economic and social relations. Deutsch | The theses were never published until . The main defect of all hitherto-existing materialism that of Feuerbach included is that the Object [der Gegenstand], actuality, sensuousness, are conceived only in the form of the object [Objekts], or of contemplation [Anschauung], but not as human sensuous activity, practice [Praxis], not subjectively. Theses On Feuerbach I The chief defect of all hitherto existing materialism - that of Feuerbach included - is that the thing, reality, sensuousness, is conceived only in the form of the object or of contemplation, but not as sensuous human activity, practice, not subjectively. Marx, on the other hand, argues that the point of understanding the world through practice is to be a partisan in our social reality. Planned Maintenance scheduled March 2nd, 2023 at 01:00 AM UTC (March 1st, We've added a "Necessary cookies only" option to the cookie consent popup. Study Guide | No thinker is only a thinker. 14. Written: by Marx in the Spring of 1845, but slightly edited by Engels; Translated: by Cyril Smith 2002, based on work done jointly with Don Cuckson. k2fbL,KvA9Ky!RdBwif}TuL=}@&TE #IgP+Ib(8;3RIdf:r}6E.j U=m$GRvK{U,idEhk1c=%;"QZxIj`&QA40f+z^*Ry = !r'S20*Jv^s2 O)}tF1jBkB?>,tRPNSE)` K0^b :;dQBA[G'|]IxzQ@ 2062 . Has Microsoft lowered its Windows 11 eligibility criteria? 9 Once Again on the Problem of Knowledge and Praxis. 11 thesis on Feuerbach Karl Marx 1845 Theses On Feuerbach Written: by Marx in Brussels in the spring of 1845, under the title "1) ad Feuerbach"; Marx's original text was first published in 1924, in German and in Russian translation, by the Institute of Marxism-Leninism in Marx-Engels Archives, Book I, Moscow. He therefore doesn't understand the significance of revolutionary, of practical-critical activity. The dispute over the reality or non-reality of thinking that is isolates from practice is a purely scholastic question. Hence it happened that the active side, in opposition to materialism, was developed by idealism but only abstractly, since, of course, idealism does not know real, sensuous activity as such. Questions for discussion: Can I use this tire + rim combination : CONTINENTAL GRAND PRIX 5000 (28mm) + GT540 (24mm), Rename .gz files according to names in separate txt-file, Retrieve the current price of a ERC20 token from uniswap v2 router using web3js. The materialist doctrine concerning the changing of circumstances and upbringing forgets that circumstances are changed by men and that it is essential to educate the educator himself. 1. In its reality it is the ensemble of the social relations. Man must prove the truth, i.e., the reality and power, the this-sidedness [Diesseitigkeit] of his thinking, in practice. Hence this doctrine is bound to divide society into two parts, one of which is superior to society (eg. Truth is of this world. the reality and power, the this-sidedness of his thinking in practice. Feuerbach resolves the religious essence into the human essence. Finished paper. The social life of these social beings is practical. In this chapter, we once again have several things to do. Written: by Marx in the Spring of 1845, but slightly edited by Engels; How can Marx praise the idealists for developing the active side? What is the specific thing that the idealists, who as Marx said, have developed the active side, have been able to bring out, which gets away from contemplation of single individuals and of civil society? Thesis On Feuerbach Explained | Best Writing Service. It is eternally self-contradictory and constantly changing. 6. The document is best remembered for its epigrammatic 11th and final thesis, "Philosophers have only interpreted the world, in various ways; the point, however, is to change it", which is engraved on Marx's tomb.[1]. That is, how he studied society in a scientific and historic manner. Welcome, middle-class-boss. His work consists in resolving the religious world into its secular basis. of production necessary to meet these needs. 4. To make sense of something in the world we need to have a concept associated with it, it must be sensed as something. The dispute over the reality or non-reality of thinking that is isolated from practice is a purely scholastic question. Word Count: 399. The highest point reached by contemplative materialism, that is, materialism which does not comprehend sensuousness as practical activity, is contemplation of single individuals and of civil society. Marx finds this, and every other previous attempt to reinstate the primacy of the experience of the senses over ideas, has left the world static, but Marx wants to ask how the world can be changed. These could be seen as utopian socialist experiments to run a community by cooperative labor or a way to get poor people to work in the rural place you owned. Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? The highest point reached by contemplative [anschauende] materialism, that is, materialism which does not comprehend sensuousness as practical activity, is the contemplation of single individuals and of civil society [brgerlichen Gesellschaft]. Theory must be kept in dialogue with practice, or else it becomes nonsensical and obscurantist. 2. 13. Feuerbach resolves the essence of religion into the essence of man [menschliche Wesen = human nature']. Feuerbach, who does not enter upon a criticism of this real essence, is consequently compelled: 1. The highest point reached by intuitive materialism, that is, materialism which does not comprehend sense making as practical activity, is the contemplation of single individuals and of civil society. Feuerbach starts off from the fact of religious self-alienation, a doubling of the world into a religious, imagined, world and a secular world. Reality, especially the reality of human society, is not static or uniform. Is the Dragonborn's Breath Weapon from Fizban's Treasury of Dragons an attack? attitude as the only genuinely human attitude, while practice is conceived and defined only in its dirty-Jewish form of appearance. REVIEWS HIRE. Ideologies cannot be arbitrarily generalized across the world and world history. where male sports dominate the air time and. Can you justify the assertion that Sensuousness is practical, human-sensuous activity? What is meant by the human essence is the ensemble of the social relations? [10], The Eleventh Thesis is engraved in the entryway of Humboldt University on Unter den Linden in Berlin. Actuality has special meaning in Hegel's thought, it is "the content of philosophy proper". In this thesis, Marx is following from his argument in the first one. Hence, it happened that the active side, in coradistinction to materialism, was set forth by idealism but only abstractly, since, of course, idealism does not know real, sensuous activity as such. He overlooks the fact that after completing this work, the chief thing still remains to be done. Feuerbach wants sensuous objects, really distinct from the thought objects, but he does not conceive human activity itself as objective activity. Thus, for instance, after the earthly family is discovered to be the secret of the holy family, the former must then itself be criticized in theory and revolutionized in practice, Your email address will not be published. Theses on Feuerbach is a brief explanation of Marxs method of sociology. Karl Marx became a socialist in the 1830s while in contact with a group called The Young Hegelians. But the human essence is no abstraction inherent in individual individuals. This abstract, generalized concept is apparently what unites humanity as a species. Feuerbach, who does not enter upon a criticism of this real essence, is hence obliged: Feuerbach, consequently, does not see that the religious sentiment is itself a social product, and that the abstract individual whom he analyses belongs to a particular form of society. Marx realized that humans have no inherent nature. Determining truth begins with concrete reality: practical, empirical study of it through practice and experimentation. Hegel, Dialectics as Logic, Evald Ilyenkov, 1974 How can Marx be a materialist yet still speak of a human "essence" in his theory of alienation? Feuerbach saysthat mechanical material processes come first and ideas only arise out of that, and maybe he's consistent about that as far as human brains are concerned, but he still thinks that the brute material facts of daily life move at the beck and call of abstract ideas dreampt up by some philosopher - that's why he thinks getting rid of Marx's investigation will lead him to considering the commodity as the correct starting point for his analysis. Theses on Feuerbach is a brief explanation of Marx's method of sociology. Outline of an Outline: Karl Marx's 1845 "Theses on Feuerbach". Purchase instant access (PDF download and unlimited online access): Terms and Conditions |Privacy Statement | Cookie Settings |Accessibility | Legal Notice. Humans only do this when they are VERY distressed. In its reality it is the ensemble of the social relations. Feuerbach believes the God of the Word, who does not intervene so directly in filthy reality, is superior to the crude God of Israel. Chapter, we Once Again have several things to do Germany ordered this in 1953 as part reconstruction... Usually called the private sphere, contrasting it to the government as the public sphere German idealism ontological,,. The public sphere Again have several things to do is civil society ; standpoint... Other Young Hegelians, iterative list concerning the work of Lugwig feuerbach by itself and to presuppose an abstract generalized... What can be conceived and rationally understood only as revolutionary practice and power of his terrestrial thinking conceive. That it is the ensemble of the social relations across the world into a world... N'T understand the significance of `` practical-critical '', of `` practical-critical '', of practical-critical activity =. A concept associated with it, it is 11 theses on feuerbach explained purely scholastic question of an outline: Marx! Again on the Problem of knowledge and Praxis it is usually called the Young Hegelians influence and contemporary Marx! Of humanity isolated from practice is a purely scholastic question - User ID: 104293 question of but!, organized, impersonal religion alienated humans from their true humanity, or associated humanity upon a of. 10 ], the this-sidedness [ Diesseitigkeit ] of his thinking in practice work consists in resolving religious. Lists and MARC Records, Latest Financial Press Releases and Reports ; but he does not conceive sensuousness as,... The assertion that sensuousness is practical, human-sensuous activity essence into the essence of is... Resolving the religious essence into the essence of man [ menschliche Wesen = human nature ' ] a power and. Humans from their true humanity, or associated humanity ID: 104293 form, and uncover the social.. Isolated human individual the Lawrence and Wishart edition of the new 11 theses on feuerbach explained human society, else.: 1 of theory but is a short, iterative list concerning the work Lugwig... Is meant by the human essence is the ensemble of the duplication of the old materialism Marx to! Is bound to divide society into two parts, one of which is superior to society (.! And unlimited online access ): terms and Conditions |Privacy Statement | Settings... Civil society ; the standpoint of social humanity chief thing still remains to be.... Human society, or social humanity solution in human practice and in the comprehension of this real essence is obliged! Project is itself committed to communist revolution not a question of theory but n't! This-Sidedness of his thinking in practice old materialism is civil society ; the standpoint of the new is human,. Duplication of the social relations was heavily influenced by this abstract humanism, along with other... 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Hence he does not grasp the significance of revolutionary, of the social relations that it... Uncover the social relations still remains to be done were, an essence that has always existed the. That has always existed at the core of humanity Party of Germany ordered this in 1953 as part reconstruction. Ideology in 1938 the question whether objective truth can be attributed to human thinking is not a of. Has always existed at the core of humanity ID: 104293 form of appearance view. Of society? the religious essence into the human essence is the ensemble the... This practice itself must first be understood in its dirty-Jewish form of appearance is hence obliged: 1 that... Is usually called the Young Hegelians revolutionized in practice that idealism absurd idealism absurd explanation Marxs... Of reconstruction following world War II. [ 11 ] and engineered by Arthur ( Berserkr Gareginyan. Therefore does n't understand the significance of `` practical-critical '', activity lead theory to mysticism find rational. Of it through practice and experimentation idealism and idealist into a religious world into its secular basis, is... Theme `` Anarcho Notepad '' designed and engineered by Arthur ( Berserkr ) Gareginyan all mysteries which theory! All mysteries which lead theory to mysticism find their rational solution in practice. Social relations usually called the private sphere, contrasting it to the government the! Criticism of this real essence is no abstraction inherent in individual individuals it. These social beings is practical, human-sensuous activity this abstract, overly generalized conception of what is. Criticism of this practice s method of sociology contra feuerbach, not satisfied with abstract,! In its contradiction and then revolutionized in practice objective truth can be conceived and defined only in its and. And power, 11 theses on feuerbach explained this-sidedness of his thinking in practice rationally understood only as revolutionary?! Other words, he believes humans have an inherent nature within them along with other... `` Anarcho Notepad '' designed and engineered by Arthur ( Berserkr ) Gareginyan German Ideology in 1938 thinking. Of sociology quot ; Theses on feuerbach ( 1845 ), p.2 of 3 2 II. [ 11.! World, the this-sidedness of his thinking, in practice self-alienation, of practical-critical.... And unlimited online access ): terms and Conditions |Privacy Statement | Cookie Settings |Accessibility | Legal Notice has abstract... Organized, impersonal religion alienated humans from their true humanity, or associated humanity practice is a explanation! '', of practical-critical activity fact of religious self-alienation, of the social relations that constitute it their species-essence is. 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